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In different periods of postnatal ontogenesis in dogs, as well as in other animals, there are critical physiological periods, the adequacy of which depends on immunoendocrine homeostasis. The estrus in bitches is a critical period because it lasts longer than in other mammals and has specific endocrine and immune changes in the body. In this study authors demonstrated the dynamics of changes in hormone content and indicators of adaptive cellular immunity in bitches during the estrus. Determination of these indicators does not require expensive laboratory equipment and is available in veterinary practice. Taking into account the fact that estrus in dogs lasts long enough, it is not clear enough what indicators and in what terms should be determined for predicting possible dysfunctions of the reproductive system and, as a result, premature impossibility of reproduction in bitches. The peak concentration of progesterone occurs on the 20th day of estrus, the reaction of the immune system, which is manifested by the maximum decrease in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, should be noted. An increase in the concentration of estradiol on the 5th day of estrus, in contrast to progesterone, had the opposite effect on phagocytic activity of neutrophils, namely, the ability of neutrophils to phagocytosis increased. Further, we conducted clinical animals’ observations for three months after estrus for the possibility of inflammatory processes in the reproductive system development. According to the obtained indicators, no complications were found.

Traditional approaches to the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis include etiological, immunological and imaging methods. However, veterinarians lack clinical markers that would be the basis for testing for toxoplasmosis. Authors found that for toxoplasmosis, the serum of dogs has a high content of ALT enzymes in 68.5% and AST in 91% of cases. In 39.7%, toxoplasmosis is associated with skin lesions and in 20.5% with lesions of the nervous system. In this article, authors summarize that in circumstances of existance of skin and nervous system lesions and a high content of AlAT and AsAT enzymes (according to the results of biochemical tests of blood serum) are found in dogs in veterinary clinics, - a test for toxoplasmosis is recommended. The obtained data create a basis for further research in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of toxoplasmosis clinical signs in dogs development. These studies will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis.

Matuta species belong to the superfamily Calappoidea and are widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region, including the New Hebrides, Fiji (from Southeast Asia) and the Red Sea. They live in sandy coastal areas and at depths between 0-20m. To date, the studies of Matuta victor have generally focused on the first record/occurrence. In addition, egg morphology and fecundity studies are limited due to the difficulty in encountering ovigerous female individuals. In this study, the number of eggs and egg morphology of an ovigerous female individual belonging to the M. victor species caught from Antalya Bay (in August 2022) were investigated. In the metric measurements, the length of the carapace was 2.53 cm, the width of the carapace was 2.62 cm, and the characteristic distance between the end points of the lateral spines on the carapace was 3.90 cm. The weight of the individual was measured as 7.380 g. The average diameter of 100 eggs was calculated as 331.75 ± 7.62 µm. The number of oil droplets observed in the eggs was 1 and the the oil drop diameter was measured as a minimum of 59.64 µm, a maximum of 73.12 µm and an average of 64.16±3.21 µm. The yolk diameter in eggs was measured as a minimum of 264.96 µm, a maximum of 299.56 µm and an average of 286.10±9.19 µm. The ratio of oil drop diameter to yolk diameter was calculated as 0.22±0.01 µm. Since there are very limited studies on M. victor in the Mediterranean, and there is no study on egg morphology and fecundity, especially in Antalya Bay, this study presents novel data that can be used for comparison in other egg morphology studies of M. victor or another species belonging to the same genus.

Phosphorous is considered as an essential nutrient for life. Its availability in the water dictates the primary productivity, including macroalgae. In this paper, peer-reviewed articles reporting the effects of phosphorous on macroalgae for the past decades and up to the present were reviewed and recapitulated. The literature revealed that while phosphorous is one of the limiting nutrients in an open ocean, eutrophication in some coastal areas, which is fueled by anthropogenic activities, contributes to the excess phosphorous resulting in the occurrence of green tides. The general influences of phosphorous availability to many macroalgae were enhanced growth and biomass, especially with the interaction effect with nitrogen. However, some studies reported that the high concentration of phosphorous has deleterious effects on macroalgae. Hence, future studies are needed to fully understand the role of phosphorous availability in macroalgae.